Everything below concerns circadian clock. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-05. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Derived from published structure. |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated value. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples. |
| Solubility | DMSO, ethanol; low in water | Class: poorly water-soluble. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits degradation. |
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
== Clinical significance == Clinically important research of gel based in vitro 3D model for the osteocytic potentiality of human CD34+ stem cells has been described. The results confirm that the human CD34+ stem cells possess unique osteogenic differentiation potential and can be used in the early regeneration of injured bone. Osteocytes die as a consequence of senescence, degeneration/necrosis, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and/or osteoclastic engulfment. The percentage of dead osteocytes in bone increases with age from less than 1% at birth to 75% after age 80. Osteocyte apoptosis is thought to be related to decreased mechanotransduction, which possibly leads to the development of osteoporosis. Apoptotic osteocytes release apoptotic bodies expressing RANKL to recruit osteoclasts. Mechanical loading increases osteocyte viability in vitro, and contributes to solute transport through the lacuno-canalicular system in bone, which enhances oxygen and nutrient exchange and diffusion to osteocytes. Skeletal unloading has been shown to induce osteocyte hypoxia in vivo, this is when osteocytes undergo apoptosis and recruit osteoclasts to resorb bone. Microdamage in bone occurs as the result of repetitive events of cycling loading, and appears to be associated with osteocyte death by apoptosis, which appear to secrete a signal to target osteoclasts to perform remodeling at a damaged site.
==== 5-HT2 receptor ==== Antagonism of the 5-HT2 subfamily of receptors and inverse agonism of the 5-HT2C receptor appears to be in part responsible for mirtazapine's efficacy in the treatment of depressive states. Mirtazapine increases dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, it was shown that by blocking the α2-adrenergic receptors and 5-HT2C receptors mirtazapine disinhibited dopamine and norepinephrine activity in these areas in rats. In addition, mirtazapine's antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors has beneficial effects on anxiety, sleep and appetite, as well as sexual function regarding the latter receptor. Mirtazapine has been shown to lower drug seeking behaviour (more specifically to methamphetamine) in various human and animal studies. It is also being investigated in substance abuse disorders to reduce withdrawal effects and improve remission rates. Mirtazapine significantly improves pre-existing symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome in affected individuals. Mirtazapine may be used as an inexpensive antiemetic alternative to Ondansetron. In conjunction with substance abuse counseling, mirtazapine has been investigated for the purpose of reducing methamphetamine use in dependent individuals with success.
In the twenty-first century, donkey milk is largely used in the manufacture of soaps and moisturizers, but evidence shows it has possible medical uses to treat infants and children with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) as a natural "formula" for infants.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In the case of germline editing, there is no guarantee that treatment will provide an absolute cure throughout the patient's life and/or whether those genes can be passed onto their offspring. Although CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), a technique that allows for genes to be edited with ease may present certain benefits, but it may also cause further risks to the human body. For example, there may be technical limitations to CRISPR editing. Until advancements are made to fully equip scientists with the knowledge to understand all potential benefits and risks associated with CRISPR editing, concerns regarding the safety of its applications remain. The possibility that editing could bring about an incomplete or inaccurate genetic sequence has been reported in several experiments related to both animal and human cell line studies. Since it is almost impossible to predict a favorable outcome with certainty, this technique makes germline editing all the more difficult to promote as a definite cure for anyone suffering from terminal illnesses.
James Wallace Jorgenson is an American academic who previously held the position of William Rand Kenan Jr. Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at UNC-Chapel Hill. He is best known for his work developing capillary zone electrophoresis, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Narrated by David Malone, directed by David Hamlin, a joint-production with National Geographic made with ZDF of Germany 12 September Britain's Tornado, an Equinox Special about the 2005 Birmingham tornado 27 December The Year the Earth Went Wild, about the Earth's weather during 2005; Phil Cummins of Geoscience Australia; Bill McGuire of the Benfield Hazard Research Centre at UCL; photographer Geoff Mackley; oceanographer Simon Boxall of the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton; David Vaughan (glaciologist) of the British Antarctic Survey; the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake on 28 March 2005; Kerry Sieh of Caltech; Hurricane Dennis and Hurricane Emily (2005) in Florida; storm chaser Mike Theiss; Typhoon Haitang (2005); the 28 July 2005 Ladypool Road Birmingham tornado; Ewan McCullum of the Met Office; Stuart Robinson of TORRO; structural engineer Tim Marshall; the 2005 European floods and Bern; the NOAA Hurricane Hunters on 24 August 2005; Ivor van Heerden of Louisiana State University; the Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal funnelled a storm surge in Louisiana; Waveland, Mississippi on 29 August 2005; Hurricane Rita made landfall in Texas, in late September 2005; Roger Bilham of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at University of Colorado Boulder, and the Main Himalayan Thrust earthquake fault. Narrated by Mark Halliley, directed by Simon Ludgate, produced by Chris Hale, made by Pioneer Productions
== Structure == Microproteins generally feature a single protein domain. The active form is translated from smORF. smORFs can be less than 100 codons. However, not all microproteins are small, and the name was given because of the analogy to miRNAs. Despite their short length, microproteins have been shown to a limited but diverse set of structural folds (including predominantly α-helical and transmembrane-helical structures), but many candidates also show substantial intrinsic disorder; experimentally determined microprotein structures have been solved using approaches including X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and NMR. A computational survey of predicted structures for 44 microproteins reported broadly similar structural characteristics across the set and comparatively few predicted small-molecule ligand-binding sites. Because many structure/disorder predictors are trained primarily on longer “classical” proteins, dedicated workflows and precautions have been proposed for reliable structure and disorder prediction for microproteins.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 targets the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, not the androgen receptor. This mechanism differs from selective androgen receptor modulators and from exercise mimetics that act on PPARδ.
Published evidence is mainly preclinical, using cell cultures and animal models. Controlled human trials are not well documented in the public literature. Claims about human performance or health effects therefore remain unsupported by robust clinical data.
It is usually detected by LC-MS or HPLC-UV against a reference standard. In biological matrices, metabolite targeting can improve detection. No universal immunoassay is widely available.